Oil, Shipping and Prices, 1974–2026

Oil, Shipping and Prices, 1974–2026

1. Europe Brent Spot Price FOB, daily (RBRTE)

   US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-28 · supports

   “Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 2026 Feb-23 to Feb-27 71.90 71.21 70.69 71.66 71.32 … 2026 Apr- 6 to Apr-10 138.21 122.11 119.03 119.07 … 2026 Sep-28 to Oct- 2 119.97 113.96 115.91 114.82 135.51 … 2026 Oct-26 to Oct-30 128.12 123.10 … 2008 Jun-30 to Jul- 4 138.40 140.67 141.24 143.95 … 2022 Mar- 7 to Mar-11 129.02 133.18 116.58 114.54 118.11 … Release Date: 10/28/2026”Hide quote

   Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 2026 Feb-23 to Feb-27 71.90 71.21 70.69 71.66 71.32 … 2026 Apr- 6 to Apr-10 138.21 122.11 119.03 119.07 … 2026 Sep-28 to Oct- 2 119.97 113.96 115.91 114.82 135.51 … 2026 Oct-26 to Oct-30 128.12 123.10 … 2008 Jun-30 to Jul- 4 138.40 140.67 141.24 143.95 … 2022 Mar- 7 to Mar-11 129.02 133.18 116.58 114.54 118.11 … Release Date: 10/28/2026

2. Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB, daily (RWTC)

   US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-28 · supports

   “Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 2026 Feb-23 to Feb-27 66.36 65.62 65.30 65.10 66.96 … 2026 Apr- 6 to Apr-10 114.01 114.58 96.17 99.62 98.34 … 2026 Oct-26 to Oct-30 105.25 103.37 … 2008 Jun-30 to Jul- 4 139.96 141.06 143.74 145.31 … Release Date: 10/28/2026”Hide quote

   Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 2026 Feb-23 to Feb-27 66.36 65.62 65.30 65.10 66.96 … 2026 Apr- 6 to Apr-10 114.01 114.58 96.17 99.62 98.34 … 2026 Oct-26 to Oct-30 105.25 103.37 … 2008 Jun-30 to Jul- 4 139.96 141.06 143.74 145.31 … Release Date: 10/28/2026

3. Weekly U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices

   US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-27 · supports

   “Weekly U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices (Dollars per Gallon) … 2026-Feb 02/02 2.867 02/09 2.902 02/16 2.924 02/23 2.937 … 2026-May 05/04 4.452 05/11 4.500 05/18 4.490 05/25 4.475 … 2026-Oct 10/05 4.354 10/12 4.331 10/19 4.284 10/26 4.269 … 2022-Jun 06/06 4.876 06/13 5.006 06/20 4.962 06/27 4.872 … Release Date: 10/27/2026”Hide quote

   Weekly U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices (Dollars per Gallon) … 2026-Feb 02/02 2.867 02/09 2.902 02/16 2.924 02/23 2.937 … 2026-May 05/04 4.452 05/11 4.500 05/18 4.490 05/25 4.475 … 2026-Oct 10/05 4.354 10/12 4.331 10/19 4.284 10/26 4.269 … 2022-Jun 06/06 4.876 06/13 5.006 06/20 4.962 06/27 4.872 … Release Date: 10/27/2026

4. Consumer Price Index Summary - 2026 M09 Results (archived 24 October 2026)

   US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2026-10-14 · supports

   “The all items index rose 3.7 percent for the 12 months ending September, a larger increase than the 3.4-percent increase reported for the 12 months ending in August. The all items less food and energy index rose 2.6 percent over the year... The energy index increased 20.4 percent for the 12 months ending September. … The index for energy increased 20.4 percent over the past 12 months due in large part to the index for gasoline rising 34.2 percent over the same period. … The index for gasoline rose 9.1 percent in September, accounting for over half of the monthly all items increase.”Hide quote

   The all items index rose 3.7 percent for the 12 months ending September, a larger increase than the 3.4-percent increase reported for the 12 months ending in August. The all items less food and energy index rose 2.6 percent over the year... The energy index increased 20.4 percent for the 12 months ending September. … The index for energy increased 20.4 percent over the past 12 months due in large part to the index for gasoline rising 34.2 percent over the same period. … The index for gasoline rose 9.1 percent in September, accounting for over half of the monthly all items increase.

5. Costs of the Armed Conflict With Iran (letter, 15 September 2026; archived 1 October 2026)

   Congressional Budget Office, 2026-09-15 · supports

   “in the first quarter of 2027, inflation (measured year over year) in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) is now estimated to be 0.5 percentage points higher than the agency projected in February 2026, and core PCE inflation is estimated to be 0.3 percentage points higher”Hide quote

   in the first quarter of 2027, inflation (measured year over year) in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) is now estimated to be 0.5 percentage points higher than the agency projected in February 2026, and core PCE inflation is estimated to be 0.3 percentage points higher

6. Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement

   Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2026-09-16 · complicates

   “The Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point to 3-3/4 to 4 percent... While uncertainty remains elevated owing, in part, to geopolitical developments, domestic spending has been resilient.”Hide quote

   The Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point to 3-3/4 to 4 percent... While uncertainty remains elevated owing, in part, to geopolitical developments, domestic spending has been resilient.

7. Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2026: Global oil markets

   US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-06 · supports

   “We assess that crude oil production shut-ins averaged 4.8 million b/d in September, down from 5.8 million b/d in August and down from 10.9 million b/d at the peak in May. We forecast the Brent crude oil spot price will average $105/b in the fourth quarter of 2026 (4Q26), $14/b higher than in last month's STEO.”Hide quote

   We assess that crude oil production shut-ins averaged 4.8 million b/d in September, down from 5.8 million b/d in August and down from 10.9 million b/d at the peak in May. We forecast the Brent crude oil spot price will average $105/b in the fourth quarter of 2026 (4Q26), $14/b higher than in last month's STEO.

8. Amid regional conflict, the Strait of Hormuz remains critical oil chokepoint

   US Energy Information Administration, 2025-06-16 · supports

   “In 2024, oil flow through the strait averaged 20 million barrels per day (b/d), or the equivalent of about 20% of global petroleum liquids consumption.”Hide quote

   In 2024, oil flow through the strait averaged 20 million barrels per day (b/d), or the equivalent of about 20% of global petroleum liquids consumption.

9. U.S. Central Command Media: Official Photos and Videos (captions, April–May 2026)

   US Central Command, 2026-05-20 · supports

   “The Marines rappelled onto the Iranian-flagged vessel, April 19, after guided-missile destroyer USS Spruance (DDG 111) disabled Touska’s propulsion when the commercial ship failed to comply with repeated warnings from U.S. forces over a six-hour period. … U.S. Marines from the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit boarded M/T Celestial Sea, an Iranian-flagged commercial oil tanker suspected of attempting to violate the U.S. blockade by transiting toward an Iranian port, May 20, in the Gulf of Oman. … U.S. forces continue to fully enforce the blockade and have now redirected 91 commercial ships to ensure compliance.”Hide quote

   The Marines rappelled onto the Iranian-flagged vessel, April 19, after guided-missile destroyer USS Spruance (DDG 111) disabled Touska’s propulsion when the commercial ship failed to comply with repeated warnings from U.S. forces over a six-hour period. … U.S. Marines from the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit boarded M/T Celestial Sea, an Iranian-flagged commercial oil tanker suspected of attempting to violate the U.S. blockade by transiting toward an Iranian port, May 20, in the Gulf of Oman. … U.S. forces continue to fully enforce the blockade and have now redirected 91 commercial ships to ensure compliance.

10. CENTCOM Maintains Strict Enforcement of U.S. Blockade Against Iran

    US Central Command, 2026-10-05 · supports

    “On Oct. 5, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) forces redirected the 130th commercial vessel in the Middle East during strict enforcement of the ongoing U.S. naval blockade against Iran. CENTCOM forces resumed the blockade against ships attempting to enter or depart Iranian ports July 14 at the Commander in Chief's direction. In addition to redirecting 130 vessels, American forces have disabled three ships that refused to comply. Over the past 12 weeks, CENTCOM has destroyed 13 commercial vessels that were violating the blockade or part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' multibillion-dollar shadow network.”Hide quote

    On Oct. 5, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) forces redirected the 130th commercial vessel in the Middle East during strict enforcement of the ongoing U.S. naval blockade against Iran. CENTCOM forces resumed the blockade against ships attempting to enter or depart Iranian ports July 14 at the Commander in Chief's direction. In addition to redirecting 130 vessels, American forces have disabled three ships that refused to comply. Over the past 12 weeks, CENTCOM has destroyed 13 commercial vessels that were violating the blockade or part of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' multibillion-dollar shadow network.

11. U.S. Forces Disable Cargo Vessel Attempting to Violate Blockade

    US Central Command, 2026-10-10 · supports

    “CENTCOM forces resumed America’s blockade against all ships entering or departing Iranian ports on July 14. Four commercial vessels have been disabled and 135 ships have been turned around during three months of strict enforcement. Additionally, U.S. forces have destroyed 10 tankers linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' multibillion-dollar shadow network over the same period.”Hide quote

    CENTCOM forces resumed America’s blockade against all ships entering or departing Iranian ports on July 14. Four commercial vessels have been disabled and 135 ships have been turned around during three months of strict enforcement. Additionally, U.S. forces have destroyed 10 tankers linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' multibillion-dollar shadow network over the same period.

12. CENTCOM Commander Visits Strait of Hormuz during Milestone Week

    US Central Command, 2026-10-25 · complicates

    “The commander of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) visited the Strait of Hormuz, Oct. 25, as U.S. forces reach the milestone of assisting Gulf partners in exporting more than 1.5 billion barrels of crude oil since summer. … More than 3,000 commercial vessels have successfully transited the Strait of Hormuz with support from CENTCOM forces over the last six months. … In recent months, over 95% of ships navigating the Strait of Hormuz have sailed through safely despite the IRGC's unwarranted aggression”Hide quote

    The commander of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) visited the Strait of Hormuz, Oct. 25, as U.S. forces reach the milestone of assisting Gulf partners in exporting more than 1.5 billion barrels of crude oil since summer. … More than 3,000 commercial vessels have successfully transited the Strait of Hormuz with support from CENTCOM forces over the last six months. … In recent months, over 95% of ships navigating the Strait of Hormuz have sailed through safely despite the IRGC's unwarranted aggression

13. Iran Update, October 21, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-21 · complicates

    “Several shipping and maritime security officials told Bloomberg on October 20 that at least five of the 23 recorded attacks on vessels in or near the Strait of Hormuz in the first two weeks of October struck commercial vessels' engine rooms. … The Washington Post, citing oil price-tracking firm Kpler, reported that the number of barrels of oil exported per day is approaching prewar daily averages after increasing from mid-August to late September.”Hide quote

    Several shipping and maritime security officials told Bloomberg on October 20 that at least five of the 23 recorded attacks on vessels in or near the Strait of Hormuz in the first two weeks of October struck commercial vessels' engine rooms. … The Washington Post, citing oil price-tracking firm Kpler, reported that the number of barrels of oil exported per day is approaching prewar daily averages after increasing from mid-August to late September.

14. Iran oil exports feel the squeeze, hitting a six-year low (Reuters)

    Reuters (via Baird Maritime), 2026-06-04 · supports

    “The US began enforcing the blockade on April 13, choking Iranian exports as the oil market faces a supply crunch due to Iran's effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz cutting exports from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates. Iran's exports averaged about 209,000 bpd in May, Vortexa data shows, down sharply from 1.34 million bpd in April and nearly 1.9 million bpd in March. This marks their lowest level since late 2019 and early 2020”Hide quote

    The US began enforcing the blockade on April 13, choking Iranian exports as the oil market faces a supply crunch due to Iran's effective closure of the Strait of Hormuz cutting exports from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates. Iran's exports averaged about 209,000 bpd in May, Vortexa data shows, down sharply from 1.34 million bpd in April and nearly 1.9 million bpd in March. This marks their lowest level since late 2019 and early 2020

15. Strait of Hormuz: Tanker War

    Robert Strauss Center for International Security and Law, University of Texas at Austin, 2026-10 · complicates

    “61 percent of the ships attacked during the Tanker War were oil tankers. In total, only 55 of the 239 petroleum tankers (23 percent) were completely sunk or declared CTL … Initially, the Tanker War led to a 25 percent drop in commercial shipping and a sharp rise in the price of crude oil. But the Tanker War did not significantly disrupt oil shipments. In fact, Iran lowered the price of oil to offset higher insurance premiums on shipments, and the real global oil price steadily declined during the 1980s. Even at the its most intense point, the Tanker War failed to disrupt more than two percent of ships passing through the Persian Gulf.”Hide quote

    61 percent of the ships attacked during the Tanker War were oil tankers. In total, only 55 of the 239 petroleum tankers (23 percent) were completely sunk or declared CTL … Initially, the Tanker War led to a 25 percent drop in commercial shipping and a sharp rise in the price of crude oil. But the Tanker War did not significantly disrupt oil shipments. In fact, Iran lowered the price of oil to offset higher insurance premiums on shipments, and the real global oil price steadily declined during the 1980s. Even at the its most intense point, the Tanker War failed to disrupt more than two percent of ships passing through the Persian Gulf.

16. At least 7,650 killed in 40 days of war, including 1,030 civilians — Hengaw’s tenth report

    Hengaw Organization for Human Rights, 2026-04-08 · supports

    “The war began on the morning of Saturday, February 28, 2026, with airstrikes by U.S. and Israeli forces targeting more than 10 provinces across Iran”Hide quote

    The war began on the morning of Saturday, February 28, 2026, with airstrikes by U.S. and Israeli forces targeting more than 10 provinces across Iran

17. Iran Update Special Report, July 13, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI Critical Threats Project, 2026-07-13 · supports

    “Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. … The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET. … The US naval blockade had a limited but notable effect on Iranian willingness to continue fighting in Spring 2026 and was critical to securing the MoU.”Hide quote

    Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. … The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET. … The US naval blockade had a limited but notable effect on Iranian willingness to continue fighting in Spring 2026 and was critical to securing the MoU.

18. War Powers report to Congress (House Document 119-167)

    The White House (via GovInfo), 2026-06-29 · supports

    “These efforts led to my signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 17, 2026.”Hide quote

    These efforts led to my signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 17, 2026.

19. War Powers report to Congress (House Document 119-193)

    The White House (via GovInfo), 2026-09-03 · supports

    “military action commenced on September 1, 2026, against the Islamic Republic of Iran … oil tankers belonging to the National Iranian Oil Company”Hide quote

    military action commenced on September 1, 2026, against the Islamic Republic of Iran … oil tankers belonging to the National Iranian Oil Company

20. Trump says US will not resume military strikes on Iran before midterm elections

    Associated Press (via WCAX), 2026-10-08 · supports

    “But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd."”Hide quote

    But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd."

21. Europe Brent Spot Price FOB, monthly (RBRTE)

    US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-28 · supports

    “Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 1987 18.58 18.86 19.86 18.98 18.31 18.76 17.78 17.05 … 2008 92.18 94.99 103.64 109.07 122.80 132.32 132.72 113.24 97.23 71.58 52.45 39.95 … 2022 86.51 97.13 117.25 104.58 113.34 122.71 111.93 100.45 89.76 93.33 91.42 80.92 … 2026 66.60 70.89 103.13 117.29 107.14 85.40 83.76 91.08 114.16 … Release Date: 10/28/2026”Hide quote

    Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 1987 18.58 18.86 19.86 18.98 18.31 18.76 17.78 17.05 … 2008 92.18 94.99 103.64 109.07 122.80 132.32 132.72 113.24 97.23 71.58 52.45 39.95 … 2022 86.51 97.13 117.25 104.58 113.34 122.71 111.93 100.45 89.76 93.33 91.42 80.92 … 2026 66.60 70.89 103.13 117.29 107.14 85.40 83.76 91.08 114.16 … Release Date: 10/28/2026

22. Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB, monthly (RWTC)

    US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-28 · supports

    “Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 1986 22.93 15.46 12.61 12.84 15.38 13.43 11.59 15.10 14.87 14.90 15.22 16.11 … 2008 92.97 95.39 105.45 112.58 125.40 133.88 133.37 116.67 104.11 76.61 57.31 41.12 … 2026 60.04 64.51 91.38 100.32 102.13 84.81 80.46 83.90 97.31 … Release Date: 10/28/2026”Hide quote

    Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (Dollars per Barrel) … 1986 22.93 15.46 12.61 12.84 15.38 13.43 11.59 15.10 14.87 14.90 15.22 16.11 … 2008 92.97 95.39 105.45 112.58 125.40 133.88 133.37 116.67 104.11 76.61 57.31 41.12 … 2026 60.04 64.51 91.38 100.32 102.13 84.81 80.46 83.90 97.31 … Release Date: 10/28/2026

23. Real Prices Viewer: Monthly Average Imported Crude Oil Price (real_prices.xlsx, sheet "Crude Oil-M")

    US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-06 · supports

    “EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, … Monthly Average Imported Crude Oil Price … Consumer Price Index (1982-84=1) … Imported Crude Oil Price ($/barrel) … Nominal … Real … Forecast Values … May 2026 3.340 99.01 98.85 0 … Base CPI (10/2026) … Data Source: EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2026 … Forecast / estimated values shown in blue … real price (Oct 2026 $)”Hide quote

    EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, … Monthly Average Imported Crude Oil Price … Consumer Price Index (1982-84=1) … Imported Crude Oil Price ($/barrel) … Nominal … Real … Forecast Values … May 2026 3.340 99.01 98.85 0 … Base CPI (10/2026) … Data Source: EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2026 … Forecast / estimated values shown in blue … real price (Oct 2026 $)

24. U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices, monthly

    US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-27 · supports

    “U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices (Dollars per Gallon) … 1990 NA 1.258 1.335 1.324 NA … 2022 3.315 3.517 4.222 4.109 4.444 4.929 4.559 3.975 3.700 3.815 3.685 3.210 … 2026 2.809 2.908 3.638 4.103 4.479 4.050 3.932 4.058 4.355 4.310 … Release Date: 10/27/2026”Hide quote

    U.S. Regular All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices (Dollars per Gallon) … 1990 NA 1.258 1.335 1.324 NA … 2022 3.315 3.517 4.222 4.109 4.444 4.929 4.559 3.975 3.700 3.815 3.685 3.210 … 2026 2.809 2.908 3.638 4.103 4.479 4.050 3.932 4.058 4.355 4.310 … Release Date: 10/27/2026

25. PortWatch Daily Chokepoints Data (Strait of Hormuz, portid chokepoint6), queried 29 October 2026

    IMF PortWatch, 2026-10-28 · supports

    “{"attributes":{"date":"2019-01-01","year":2019,"month":1,"day":1,"n_total":52,"n_tanker":33} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-02-28","year":2026,"month":2,"day":28,"n_total":57,"n_tanker":36} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-03-04","year":2026,"month":3,"day":4,"n_total":0,"n_tanker":0} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-06-24","year":2026,"month":6,"day":24,"n_total":51,"n_tanker":20} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-10-25","year":2026,"month":10,"day":25,"n_total":2,"n_tanker":1}”Hide quote

    {"attributes":{"date":"2019-01-01","year":2019,"month":1,"day":1,"n_total":52,"n_tanker":33} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-02-28","year":2026,"month":2,"day":28,"n_total":57,"n_tanker":36} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-03-04","year":2026,"month":3,"day":4,"n_total":0,"n_tanker":0} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-06-24","year":2026,"month":6,"day":24,"n_total":51,"n_tanker":20} … {"attributes":{"date":"2026-10-25","year":2026,"month":10,"day":25,"n_total":2,"n_tanker":1}

26. Short-Term Energy Outlook: Global Energy Security Data, Table 4

    US Energy Information Administration, 2026-08-12 · supports

    “Table 4. Volume of crude oil, condensate, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas transported through the Strait of Hormuz, 1Q25–2Q26 million barrels per day 1Q25 2Q25 3Q25 4Q25 1Q26 2Q26 Total oil flows through the Strait of Hormuz 20.9 21.0 21.3 21.6 14.9 4.9 Crude oil and condensate 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.9 10.9 3.7 Petroleum products 6.2 6.2 6.3 5.7 4.0 1.1 LNG flows through the Strait of Hormuz (billion cubic feet per day) 11.7 11.0 10.9 10.5 7.4 0.8 … Since the end of February 2026, AIS signal data for ships transiting the Strait of Hormuz have become especially unreliable. For 2026 Hormuz volumes, tanker tracking data are being revised frequently based on the best available information.”Hide quote

    Table 4. Volume of crude oil, condensate, petroleum products, and liquefied natural gas transported through the Strait of Hormuz, 1Q25–2Q26 million barrels per day 1Q25 2Q25 3Q25 4Q25 1Q26 2Q26 Total oil flows through the Strait of Hormuz 20.9 21.0 21.3 21.6 14.9 4.9 Crude oil and condensate 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.9 10.9 3.7 Petroleum products 6.2 6.2 6.3 5.7 4.0 1.1 LNG flows through the Strait of Hormuz (billion cubic feet per day) 11.7 11.0 10.9 10.5 7.4 0.8 … Since the end of February 2026, AIS signal data for ships transiting the Strait of Hormuz have become especially unreliable. For 2026 Hormuz volumes, tanker tracking data are being revised frequently based on the best available information.

Decisions, Law and Diplomacy: Congress, the President, Ceasefires and Negotiations, 2024–2026

1. Roll Call 85, H.Con.Res.38, 5 March 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-03-05 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 38</legis-num> ... <vote-question>On Agreeing to the Resolution</vote-question> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>5-Mar-2026</action-date> ... <vote-desc>Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran</vote-desc> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>2</yea-total><nay-total>215</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>210</yea-total><nay-total>4</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>0</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>219</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 38</legis-num> ... <vote-question>On Agreeing to the Resolution</vote-question> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>5-Mar-2026</action-date> ... <vote-desc>Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran</vote-desc> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>2</yea-total><nay-total>215</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>210</yea-total><nay-total>4</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>0</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>219</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total>

2. Roll Call 114, H.Con.Res.40, 16 April 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-04-16 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 40</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>16-Apr-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>1</yea-total><nay-total>212</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total><not-voting-total>3</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>0</not-voting-total> ... <party>Independent</party><yea-total>0</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>214</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total><not-voting-total>3</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 40</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>16-Apr-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>1</yea-total><nay-total>212</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total><not-voting-total>3</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>0</not-voting-total> ... <party>Independent</party><yea-total>0</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>214</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total><not-voting-total>3</not-voting-total>

3. Roll Call 170, H.Con.Res.75, 14 May 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-05-14 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 75</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>14-May-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>3</yea-total><nay-total>210</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>4</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>209</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>2</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>212</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>6</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 75</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> ... <action-date>14-May-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>3</yea-total><nay-total>210</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>4</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>209</yea-total><nay-total>1</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>2</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>212</yea-total><nay-total>212</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>6</not-voting-total>

4. Roll Call 199, H.Con.Res.86, 3 June 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-06-03 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 86</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>3-Jun-2026</action-date> ... <vote-desc>Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran</vote-desc> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>4</yea-total><nay-total>207</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>6</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>211</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>215</yea-total><nay-total>208</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>7</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 86</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>3-Jun-2026</action-date> ... <vote-desc>Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran</vote-desc> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>4</yea-total><nay-total>207</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>6</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>211</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>215</yea-total><nay-total>208</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>7</not-voting-total>

5. Roll Call 282, H.Con.Res.89, 23 July 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-07-23 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 89</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>23-Jul-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>4</yea-total><nay-total>207</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>7</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>210</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>2</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>214</yea-total><nay-total>208</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>9</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 89</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>23-Jul-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>4</yea-total><nay-total>207</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>7</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>210</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>2</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>214</yea-total><nay-total>208</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>9</not-voting-total>

6. Roll Call 307, H.Con.Res.93, 15 September 2026 (XML)

   Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-09-15 · supports

   “<legis-num>H CON RES 93</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>15-Sep-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>7</yea-total><nay-total>203</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>8</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>220</yea-total><nay-total>204</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>9</not-voting-total>”Hide quote

   <legis-num>H CON RES 93</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>15-Sep-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>7</yea-total><nay-total>203</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>8</not-voting-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>1</not-voting-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>220</yea-total><nay-total>204</nay-total><present-total>0</present-total><not-voting-total>9</not-voting-total>

7. Senate Roll Call Votes, 119th Congress, 2nd Session (vote menu XML; Internet Archive copy of 10 October 2026)

   United States Senate, 2026-10-10 · supports

   “00244 24-Sep H.Con.Res. 89 On the Concurrent Resolution Rejected 49 50 H. Con. Res. 89; A concurrent resolution directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran. ... 00216 30-Jul S.J.Res. 181 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 49 50 ... 00207 23-Jul S.J.Res. 180 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 49 ... 00192 24-Jun S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Proceed Rejected 47 50 ... 00184 23-Jun H.Con.Res. 86 On the Concurrent Resolution Agreed to 50 48 ... 00174 16-Jun S.J.Res. 172 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 48 ... 00129 19-May S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Discharge Agreed to 50 47 ... 00118 13-May S.J.Res. 163 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 49 50 ... 00113 30-Apr S.J.Res. 184 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 50 ... 00088 22-Apr S.J.Res. 114 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 46 51 ... 00079 15-Apr S.J.Res. 123 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 52 ... 00069 24-Mar S.J.Res. 116 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 ... 00058 18-Mar S.J.Res. 118 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 ... 00046 04-Mar S.J.Res. 104 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 Motion to Discharge S.J. Res. 104; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities within or against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress.”Hide quote

   00244 24-Sep H.Con.Res. 89 On the Concurrent Resolution Rejected 49 50 H. Con. Res. 89; A concurrent resolution directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran. ... 00216 30-Jul S.J.Res. 181 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 49 50 ... 00207 23-Jul S.J.Res. 180 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 49 ... 00192 24-Jun S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Proceed Rejected 47 50 ... 00184 23-Jun H.Con.Res. 86 On the Concurrent Resolution Agreed to 50 48 ... 00174 16-Jun S.J.Res. 172 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 48 ... 00129 19-May S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Discharge Agreed to 50 47 ... 00118 13-May S.J.Res. 163 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 49 50 ... 00113 30-Apr S.J.Res. 184 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 50 ... 00088 22-Apr S.J.Res. 114 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 46 51 ... 00079 15-Apr S.J.Res. 123 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 52 ... 00069 24-Mar S.J.Res. 116 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 ... 00058 18-Mar S.J.Res. 118 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 ... 00046 04-Mar S.J.Res. 104 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53 Motion to Discharge S.J. Res. 104; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities within or against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress.

8. Roll Call Vote 184, 119th Congress, 2nd Session: H.Con.Res.86 (XML; Internet Archive copy)

   United States Senate, 2026-06-23 · supports

   “Concurrent Resolution Agreed to (50-48) ... Collins (R-ME) Collins Susan R ME Yea”Hide quote

   Concurrent Resolution Agreed to (50-48) ... Collins (R-ME) Collins Susan R ME Yea

9. Congressional Votes Database

   GovTrack.us, 2026-10 · supports

   “Analysis and Commentary Oct. 26, 2026: What Comes After the Election? ... On the Nomination PN1129: Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor Senate Vote Nomination #256 Confirmed 47/41 Sept. 30, 2026 ... H.Con.Res. 89: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran. Senate Vote Concurrent #244 Resolution Sept. 24, Rejected 49/50”Hide quote

   Analysis and Commentary Oct. 26, 2026: What Comes After the Election? ... On the Nomination PN1129: Keith Sonderling, of Florida, to be Secretary of Labor Senate Vote Nomination #256 Confirmed 47/41 Sept. 30, 2026 ... H.Con.Res. 89: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran. Senate Vote Concurrent #244 Resolution Sept. 24, Rejected 49/50

10. Law and the Iran War: After the First 60 Days

    Lawfare, 2026-05-08 · supports

    “this past Friday, May 1, President Trump argued that the administration had already complied with the War Powers Resolution’s 60-day cut-off. “There has been no exchange of fire between United States Forces and Iran since April 7, 2026,” the letter asserted ... Hence, in the Trump administration’s view, “[t]he hostilities that began on February 28, 2026”—the day when Operation Epic Fury against Iran began—”have terminated[,]” ... the May 1 letter also notes that “the threat posed by Iran to the United States and our Armed Forces remains significant[.]” ... If the administration viewed the blockade that began on April 13 ... While Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution initially gave Congress the power to compel the president to remove U.S. armed forces from ongoing hostilities through a concurrent resolution, the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in INS v. Chadha brought such arrangements into serious constitutional doubt. And while joint resolutions avoid Chadha concerns, they only do so because they are subject to a presidential veto. ... voiced frustration with the Trump administration’s refusal to seek congressional authorization before the 60-day mark”Hide quote

    this past Friday, May 1, President Trump argued that the administration had already complied with the War Powers Resolution’s 60-day cut-off. “There has been no exchange of fire between United States Forces and Iran since April 7, 2026,” the letter asserted ... Hence, in the Trump administration’s view, “[t]he hostilities that began on February 28, 2026”—the day when Operation Epic Fury against Iran began—”have terminated[,]” ... the May 1 letter also notes that “the threat posed by Iran to the United States and our Armed Forces remains significant[.]” ... If the administration viewed the blockade that began on April 13 ... While Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution initially gave Congress the power to compel the president to remove U.S. armed forces from ongoing hostilities through a concurrent resolution, the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in INS v. Chadha brought such arrangements into serious constitutional doubt. And while joint resolutions avoid Chadha concerns, they only do so because they are subject to a presidential veto. ... voiced frustration with the Trump administration’s refusal to seek congressional authorization before the 60-day mark

11. The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice (R42699)

    Congressional Research Service, 2019-03-08 · supports

    “From 1975 through March 2017, Presidents have submitted 168 reports as the result of the War Powers Resolution, but only one, the 1975 Mayaguez seizure, cited Section 4(a)(1), which triggers the 60-day withdrawal requirement ... Section 5(c) requires the President to remove the forces at any time if Congress so directs by concurrent resolution; the effectiveness of this subsection is uncertain because of the 1983 Supreme Court decision on the legislative veto. ... A concurrent resolution is adopted by both chambers, but it does not require presentment to the President for signature or veto.”Hide quote

    From 1975 through March 2017, Presidents have submitted 168 reports as the result of the War Powers Resolution, but only one, the 1975 Mayaguez seizure, cited Section 4(a)(1), which triggers the 60-day withdrawal requirement ... Section 5(c) requires the President to remove the forces at any time if Congress so directs by concurrent resolution; the effectiveness of this subsection is uncertain because of the 1983 Supreme Court decision on the legislative veto. ... A concurrent resolution is adopted by both chambers, but it does not require presentment to the President for signature or veto.

12. Letter to the President pro tempore of the Senate on Operation Epic Fury (War Powers report), March 2, 2026

    The White House (copy published by Just Security), 2026-03-02 · supports

    “I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations. ... I am providing this report as part of my efforts to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148). ... in collective self-defense of our regional allies, including Israel.”Hide quote

    I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations. ... I am providing this report as part of my efforts to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148). ... in collective self-defense of our regional allies, including Israel.

13. Trump’s Interpretation of the War Powers Resolution

    Executive Functions (Jack Goldsmith), 2026-05-04 · supports

    “the 'hostilities' ... that began on Feb. 28 had 'terminated' due to the April 7 ceasefire ... highly misleading”Hide quote

    the 'hostilities' ... that began on Feb. 28 had 'terminated' due to the April 7 ceasefire ... highly misleading

14. Letter Informing Congress of Military Action Commenced on June 9, 2026 (House Document 119-162)

    The White House (US Government Publishing Office), 2026-06-12 · supports

    “I write today to apprise you of military action commenced on June 9, 2026, at my direction against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... As previously communicated to the Congress, I ordered a 2-week ceasefire on April 7, 2026. The ceasefire was then extended. ... On June 8, 2026, despite these good-faith diplomatic efforts and the ongoing ceasefire, Iran engaged a United States Army AH-64 Apache helicopter, forcing its crash landing. In response, at my direction, on June 9, 2026, United States Armed Forces commenced precision strikes against numerous targets within Iran ... I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and as Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations.”Hide quote

    I write today to apprise you of military action commenced on June 9, 2026, at my direction against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... As previously communicated to the Congress, I ordered a 2-week ceasefire on April 7, 2026. The ceasefire was then extended. ... On June 8, 2026, despite these good-faith diplomatic efforts and the ongoing ceasefire, Iran engaged a United States Army AH-64 Apache helicopter, forcing its crash landing. In response, at my direction, on June 9, 2026, United States Armed Forces commenced precision strikes against numerous targets within Iran ... I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and as Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations.

15. Letter Informing Congress of Military Actions Taken on June 26 and June 28, 2026 (House Document 119-167)

    The White House (US Government Publishing Office), 2026-06-29 · supports

    “I write today to apprise you of military actions taken at my direction against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 26 and June 28, 2026. ... These efforts led to my signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 17, 2026. The MOU requires the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to make arrangements using its best efforts for the safe passage of commercial vessels . . . from the Persian Gulf to the Sea of Oman. Despite this commitment, Iran attacked a neutral-flagged commercial vessel transiting the Strait of Hormuz on June 25, 2026. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded on June 26, 2026, with defensive strikes ... Following another Iranian attack against a neutral-flagged commercial vessel on June 27, 2026, United States Armed Forces responded at my direction on June 28, 2026, with precision strikes”Hide quote

    I write today to apprise you of military actions taken at my direction against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 26 and June 28, 2026. ... These efforts led to my signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 17, 2026. The MOU requires the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to make arrangements using its best efforts for the safe passage of commercial vessels . . . from the Persian Gulf to the Sea of Oman. Despite this commitment, Iran attacked a neutral-flagged commercial vessel transiting the Strait of Hormuz on June 25, 2026. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded on June 26, 2026, with defensive strikes ... Following another Iranian attack against a neutral-flagged commercial vessel on June 27, 2026, United States Armed Forces responded at my direction on June 28, 2026, with precision strikes

16. Letter Informing Congress of Military Action Commenced on July 7, 2026 (House Document 119-169)

    The White House (US Government Publishing Office), 2026-07-10 · supports

    “I write to apprise you of military action commenced on July 7, 2026, against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Despite this commitment, Iran again attacked several neutral-flagged commercial vessels transiting the Strait of Hormuz between July 6-7, 2026. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded, commencing on July 7, 2026, with defensive strikes against targets within Iran”Hide quote

    I write to apprise you of military action commenced on July 7, 2026, against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Despite this commitment, Iran again attacked several neutral-flagged commercial vessels transiting the Strait of Hormuz between July 6-7, 2026. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded, commencing on July 7, 2026, with defensive strikes against targets within Iran

17. Letter Informing Congress of Military Action Commenced on July 27, 2026 (House Document 119-183)

    The White House (US Government Publishing Office), 2026-08-03 · supports

    “I write to apprise you of military action commenced on July 27, 2026, against targets in the Republic of Iraq following Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-directed attacks by Iranian aligned militia groups (IAMGs).”Hide quote

    I write to apprise you of military action commenced on July 27, 2026, against targets in the Republic of Iraq following Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-directed attacks by Iranian aligned militia groups (IAMGs).

18. Letter Informing Congress of Military Action Commenced on September 1, 2026 (House Document 119-193)

    The White House (US Government Publishing Office), 2026-09-03 · supports

    “I write today to apprise you of military action commenced on September 1, 2026, against the Islamic Republic of Iran. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded to Iran's late August 2026 attacks against United States Armed Forces with defensive strikes against targets within Iran and Iranian territorial waters including ... oil tankers belonging to the National Iranian Oil Company ... I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and as Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations. I am providing this report as part of my efforts to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148).”Hide quote

    I write today to apprise you of military action commenced on September 1, 2026, against the Islamic Republic of Iran. At my direction, United States Armed Forces responded to Iran's late August 2026 attacks against United States Armed Forces with defensive strikes against targets within Iran and Iranian territorial waters including ... oil tankers belonging to the National Iranian Oil Company ... I acted pursuant to my constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and as Chief Executive to conduct United States foreign relations. I am providing this report as part of my efforts to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148).

19. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798–2023 (R42738)

    Congressional Research Service, 2023-06-07 · complicates

    “The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has used military forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert actions or the many occurrences in which U.S. forces have been stationed abroad... Eleven times in its history, the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed five separate wars”Hide quote

    The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has used military forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert actions or the many occurrences in which U.S. forces have been stationed abroad... Eleven times in its history, the United States has formally declared war against foreign nations. These 11 U.S. war declarations encompassed five separate wars

20. Roll Call 493, H.J.Res.68, 24 June 2011 (XML)

    Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2011-06-24 · complicates

    “<legis-num>H J RES 68</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> <action-date>24-Jun-2011</action-date> <vote-desc>Authorizing the limited use of the United States Armed Forces in support of the NATO mission in Libya</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>123</yea-total><nay-total>295</nay-total>”Hide quote

    <legis-num>H J RES 68</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> <action-date>24-Jun-2011</action-date> <vote-desc>Authorizing the limited use of the United States Armed Forces in support of the NATO mission in Libya</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>123</yea-total><nay-total>295</nay-total>

21. Roll Call 494, H.R.2278, 24 June 2011 (XML)

    Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2011-06-24 · complicates

    “<legis-num>H R 2278</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> <action-date>24-Jun-2011</action-date> <vote-desc>To limit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense for United States Armed Forces in support of North Atlantic Treaty Organization Operation Unified Protector with respect to Libya, unless otherwise specifically authorized by law</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>180</yea-total><nay-total>238</nay-total>”Hide quote

    <legis-num>H R 2278</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Failed</vote-result> <action-date>24-Jun-2011</action-date> <vote-desc>To limit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense for United States Armed Forces in support of North Atlantic Treaty Organization Operation Unified Protector with respect to Libya, unless otherwise specifically authorized by law</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>180</yea-total><nay-total>238</nay-total>

22. Roll Call 153, S.J.Res.7, 4 April 2019 (XML)

    Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2019-04-04 · complicates

    “<legis-num>S J RES 7</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> <action-date>4-Apr-2019</action-date> <vote-desc>To direct the removal of the United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>247</yea-total><nay-total>175</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total>”Hide quote

    <legis-num>S J RES 7</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> <action-date>4-Apr-2019</action-date> <vote-desc>To direct the removal of the United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>247</yea-total><nay-total>175</nay-total><present-total>1</present-total>

23. Senate Roll Call Votes, 116th Congress, 1st Session (vote menu XML; Internet Archive copy)

    United States Senate, 2019 · complicates

    “00094 02-May S.J.Res. 7 On Overriding the Veto Veto Sustained 53 45 Shall the Joint Resolution S.J. Res. 7 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States Notwithstanding; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress. ... 00048 13-Mar S.J.Res. 7 On the Joint Resolution Passed 54 46”Hide quote

    00094 02-May S.J.Res. 7 On Overriding the Veto Veto Sustained 53 45 Shall the Joint Resolution S.J. Res. 7 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States Notwithstanding; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress. ... 00048 13-Mar S.J.Res. 7 On the Joint Resolution Passed 54 46

24. Roll Call 101, S.J.Res.68, 11 March 2020 (XML)

    Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2020-03-11 · complicates

    “<legis-num>S J RES 68</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> <action-date>11-Mar-2020</action-date> <vote-desc>To direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>227</yea-total><nay-total>186</nay-total>”Hide quote

    <legis-num>S J RES 68</legis-num> <vote-question>On Passage</vote-question> <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> <action-date>11-Mar-2020</action-date> <vote-desc>To direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress</vote-desc> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>227</yea-total><nay-total>186</nay-total>

25. Senate Roll Call Votes, 116th Congress, 2nd Session (vote menu XML; Internet Archive copy)

    United States Senate, 2020 · complicates

    “00084 07-May S.J.Res. 68 On Overriding the Veto Veto Sustained 49 44 Shall the Joint Resolution S.J. Res. 68 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States to the Contrary Notwithstanding?; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. ... 00052 13-Feb S.J.Res. 68 On the Joint Resolution Passed 55 45”Hide quote

    00084 07-May S.J.Res. 68 On Overriding the Veto Veto Sustained 49 44 Shall the Joint Resolution S.J. Res. 68 Pass, the Objections of the President of the United States to the Contrary Notwithstanding?; A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. ... 00052 13-Feb S.J.Res. 68 On the Joint Resolution Passed 55 45

26. Friday, June 27, 2025 (Senate floor wrap-up)

    Senate Democrats (Senate Periodical Press Gallery floor log), 2025-06-27 · complicates

    “By a vote of 47-53, the Senate did not agree to S.J. Res.59, the Kaine War Powers Resolution on Iran. Senator Paul (R) voted aye and Senator Fetterman (D) voted no.”Hide quote

    By a vote of 47-53, the Senate did not agree to S.J. Res.59, the Kaine War Powers Resolution on Iran. Senator Paul (R) voted aye and Senator Fetterman (D) voted no.

27. After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War (publisher's description)

    University of Chicago Press, 2010 · supports

    “Kriner expertly demonstrates the full extent to which Congress materially shapes the initiation, scope, and duration of major military actions ... He shows how the balance of party power in the legislature trumps conventional strategic variables in explaining the duration of U.S. military conflicts.”Hide quote

    Kriner expertly demonstrates the full extent to which Congress materially shapes the initiation, scope, and duration of major military actions ... He shows how the balance of party power in the legislature trumps conventional strategic variables in explaining the duration of U.S. military conflicts.

28. Iran conflict remains deeply unpopular, as many Americans expect it to go on for months

    Pew Research Center, 2026-10-08 · supports

    “Around two-thirds of Americans (65%) disapprove of the way President Donald Trump is handling the U.S. military action in Iran, while a third (33%) approve ... Evaluations of the initial decision to use force are similar: 34% now view this as the right decision – down 4 percentage points from March. ... Today, 33% of adults say they approve of how Trump is handling the U.S. military action against Iran – down from 37% in March. This decline has come entirely from Republicans: At the start of the conflict, 69% approved of his handling of the conflict. Today, 63% do. Democrats’ views are unchanged. ... Today, 65% of Republicans say the decision to use force in Iran was the right one – down from 71% in March.”Hide quote

    Around two-thirds of Americans (65%) disapprove of the way President Donald Trump is handling the U.S. military action in Iran, while a third (33%) approve ... Evaluations of the initial decision to use force are similar: 34% now view this as the right decision – down 4 percentage points from March. ... Today, 33% of adults say they approve of how Trump is handling the U.S. military action against Iran – down from 37% in March. This decline has come entirely from Republicans: At the start of the conflict, 69% approved of his handling of the conflict. Today, 63% do. Democrats’ views are unchanged. ... Today, 65% of Republicans say the decision to use force in Iran was the right one – down from 71% in March.

29. Americans Broadly Disapprove of U.S. Military Action in Iran

    Pew Research Center, 2026-03-25 · supports

    “About six-in-ten Americans (61%) disapprove of Trump’s handling of the conflict, while 37% approve. ... The new Pew Research Center survey of 3,524 U.S. adults, conducted March 16-22, also finds a similar balance of opinion on whether the initial decision to use military force was right (38%) or wrong (59%). ... In contrast, about seven-in-ten Republicans and Republican leaners approve of how Trump is handling the conflict (69%) and think the U.S. made the right decision (71%).”Hide quote

    About six-in-ten Americans (61%) disapprove of Trump’s handling of the conflict, while 37% approve. ... The new Pew Research Center survey of 3,524 U.S. adults, conducted March 16-22, also finds a similar balance of opinion on whether the initial decision to use military force was right (38%) or wrong (59%). ... In contrast, about seven-in-ten Republicans and Republican leaners approve of how Trump is handling the conflict (69%) and think the U.S. made the right decision (71%).

30. Gallup News Service, June Wave 1, Final Topline (June 1–15, 2026)

    Gallup, 2026-06 · supports

    “Results are based on telephone interviews conducted June 1-15, 2026, with a random sample of –1,001—adults ... QN24: Do you approve or disapprove of this U.S. military action against Iran? ... Total ... Republican Independent Democrat ... Approve 34% ... 79% 26% 8% ... Disapprove 63% ... 19% 68% 90% ... (DK)/(Refused) 4% ... 2% 6% 2%”Hide quote

    Results are based on telephone interviews conducted June 1-15, 2026, with a random sample of –1,001—adults ... QN24: Do you approve or disapprove of this U.S. military action against Iran? ... Total ... Republican Independent Democrat ... Approve 34% ... 79% 26% 8% ... Disapprove 63% ... 19% 68% 90% ... (DK)/(Refused) 4% ... 2% 6% 2%

31. Quinnipiac University National Poll, released March 9, 2026

    Quinnipiac University Poll, 2026-03-09 · supports

    “Fifty-three percent of voters oppose the U.S. military action against Iran, while 40 percent support it. Democrats (89 – 7 percent) and independents (60 – 31 percent) oppose the U.S. military action against Iran, while Republicans (85 – 11 percent) support it. ... 10. Do you support or oppose the U.S. military action against Iran? ... Tot Rep Dem Ind ... Support 40% 85% 7% 31% ... Oppose 53 11 89 60 ... DK/NA 7 5 4 9 ... 15. Do you think President Trump should have received approval from Congress before taking military action against Iran, or not? ... Tot Rep Dem Ind ... Yes/Should have 59% 22% 92% 64% ... No 38 76 5 33 ... DK/NA 3 2 3 3 ... 1,002 self-identified registered voters nationwide were surveyed from March 6th – 8th”Hide quote

    Fifty-three percent of voters oppose the U.S. military action against Iran, while 40 percent support it. Democrats (89 – 7 percent) and independents (60 – 31 percent) oppose the U.S. military action against Iran, while Republicans (85 – 11 percent) support it. ... 10. Do you support or oppose the U.S. military action against Iran? ... Tot Rep Dem Ind ... Support 40% 85% 7% 31% ... Oppose 53 11 89 60 ... DK/NA 7 5 4 9 ... 15. Do you think President Trump should have received approval from Congress before taking military action against Iran, or not? ... Tot Rep Dem Ind ... Yes/Should have 59% 22% 92% 64% ... No 38 76 5 33 ... DK/NA 3 2 3 3 ... 1,002 self-identified registered voters nationwide were surveyed from March 6th – 8th

32. Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

    The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara), 2024-07-18 · supports

    “I was the first president in modern times to start no new wars. ... With our victory in November, the years of war, weakness and chaos will be over. I don't have wars. ... they did everything possible for Iran and now Iran is very close to having a nuclear weapon, which would have never happened.”Hide quote

    I was the first president in modern times to start no new wars. ... With our victory in November, the years of war, weakness and chaos will be over. I don't have wars. ... they did everything possible for Iran and now Iran is very close to having a nuclear weapon, which would have never happened.

33. Remarks Accepting Election as the 47th President of the United States in Palm Beach, Florida

    The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara), 2024-11-06 · supports

    “They said: 'He will start a war.' I'm not going to start a war. I'm going to stop wars.”Hide quote

    They said: 'He will start a war.' I'm not going to start a war. I'm going to stop wars.

34. Iran Update Special Report, July 13, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-07-13 · supports

    “The US-Iran ceasefire has effectively ended with relatively more intense and consistent exchanges of fire in the Persian Gulf. The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy announced on July 11 that it closed the strait, struck a Cyprus-flagged vessel, and then struck a second unspecified vessel on July 12. The United States struck dozens of Iranian military targets on July 12 to degrade Iran’s ability to threaten shipping. ... Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. ... The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET.”Hide quote

    The US-Iran ceasefire has effectively ended with relatively more intense and consistent exchanges of fire in the Persian Gulf. The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy announced on July 11 that it closed the strait, struck a Cyprus-flagged vessel, and then struck a second unspecified vessel on July 12. The United States struck dozens of Iranian military targets on July 12 to degrade Iran’s ability to threaten shipping. ... Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. ... The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET.

35. Iran Update, October 19, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-19 · supports

    “The Iranian regime's appointment of Mehrdad Akhlaghi, who has extensive experience in missile technology, as Iran's new defense minister indicates that the regime is prioritizing the reconstitution of its missile program. ... stated on October 19 that Iran will not rebuild defense industrial facilities at old locations but will instead construct them 'in mountains and security structures.'”Hide quote

    The Iranian regime's appointment of Mehrdad Akhlaghi, who has extensive experience in missile technology, as Iran's new defense minister indicates that the regime is prioritizing the reconstitution of its missile program. ... stated on October 19 that Iran will not rebuild defense industrial facilities at old locations but will instead construct them 'in mountains and security structures.'

36. Joint E3 leaders’ statement on Iran: 28 February 2026

    UK Government (Prime Minister's Office), 2026-02-28 · complicates

    “We did not participate in these strikes, but are in close contact with our international partners, including the United States, Israel, and partners in the region. ... We condemn Iranian attacks on countries in the region in the strongest terms. … Ultimately, the Iranian people must be allowed to determine their future.”Hide quote

    We did not participate in these strikes, but are in close contact with our international partners, including the United States, Israel, and partners in the region. ... We condemn Iranian attacks on countries in the region in the strongest terms. … Ultimately, the Iranian people must be allowed to determine their future.

37. Foreign Minister's article in Le Monde

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sultanate of Oman, 2026-07-14 · complicates

    “Sayyid Badr describes the war as "a catastrophe". He notes that it has been launched without United Nations authorisation and has failed to achieve the objectives cited to justify it.”Hide quote

    Sayyid Badr describes the war as "a catastrophe". He notes that it has been launched without United Nations authorisation and has failed to achieve the objectives cited to justify it.

38. NPT Safeguards Agreement with the Islamic Republic of Iran (GOV/2026/50)

    International Atomic Energy Agency, 2026-09-01 · supports

    “The Director General was in attendance at the indirect negotiations between the United States of America and Iran that took place on 17 and 26 February 2026 in Geneva ... On 28 February 2026, the United States of America and Israel launched further military attacks on Iran, including on the sites of some nuclear facilities. Consequently, the Agency stopped conducting verification activities in Iran.”Hide quote

    The Director General was in attendance at the indirect negotiations between the United States of America and Iran that took place on 17 and 26 February 2026 in Geneva ... On 28 February 2026, the United States of America and Israel launched further military attacks on Iran, including on the sites of some nuclear facilities. Consequently, the Agency stopped conducting verification activities in Iran.

39. Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production (IF12106)

    Congressional Research Service, 2026-10-13 · supports

    “A June 2026 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and Iran states that 'Iran reaffirms that it shall not procure or develop nuclear weapons.'”Hide quote

    A June 2026 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the United States and Iran states that 'Iran reaffirms that it shall not procure or develop nuclear weapons.'

40. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) at a Glance

    Arms Control Association, 2025-02 · supports

    “For 10 years operating centrifuges reduced to 5,060 IR-1 machines … For 15 years level of uranium enrichment capped at 3.67 percent uranium-235 … For 15 years the stockpile is kept under 300 kilograms of 3.67 percent enriched uranium in total (all forms) ... January 16, 2016, Implementation Day”Hide quote

    For 10 years operating centrifuges reduced to 5,060 IR-1 machines … For 15 years level of uranium enrichment capped at 3.67 percent uranium-235 … For 15 years the stockpile is kept under 300 kilograms of 3.67 percent enriched uranium in total (all forms) ... January 16, 2016, Implementation Day

41. 2025 Iran–United States negotiations

    Wikipedia, 2026-10 · supports

    “The third round of high-level negotiations took place on April 26, 2025 ... The fourth round of talks were held on May 11 in Oman ... The fifth round of talks, held on May 23 in Rome ... the sixth round of US-Iran talks, scheduled in Oman on June 15, were indefinitely suspended”Hide quote

    The third round of high-level negotiations took place on April 26, 2025 ... The fourth round of talks were held on May 11 in Oman ... The fifth round of talks, held on May 23 in Rome ... the sixth round of US-Iran talks, scheduled in Oman on June 15, were indefinitely suspended

42. Trump says US will not resume military strikes on Iran before midterm elections

    Associated Press (via WCAX), 2026-10-08 · supports

    “But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd." Trump added that his team has been "having productive discussions with the Islamic Republic of Iran." ... Negotiations had appeared at a standstill since Trump late last month publicly rejected Iran's proposal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz within seven days if the U.S. met certain conditions.”Hide quote

    But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd." Trump added that his team has been "having productive discussions with the Islamic Republic of Iran." ... Negotiations had appeared at a standstill since Trump late last month publicly rejected Iran's proposal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz within seven days if the U.S. met certain conditions.

43. Iran Update, October 21, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-21 · supports

    “Several shipping and maritime security officials told Bloomberg on October 20 that at least five of the 23 recorded attacks on vessels in or near the Strait of Hormuz in the first two weeks of October struck commercial vessels' engine rooms.”Hide quote

    Several shipping and maritime security officials told Bloomberg on October 20 that at least five of the 23 recorded attacks on vessels in or near the Strait of Hormuz in the first two weeks of October struck commercial vessels' engine rooms.

44. Iran Update, October 22, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-22 · supports

    “The New York Times reported on October 21 that the US and Israeli militaries have developed specific plans for a short and intensive operation against Iran after the US midterm elections on November 3, citing US officials and other people briefed on the deliberations.”Hide quote

    The New York Times reported on October 21 that the US and Israeli militaries have developed specific plans for a short and intensive operation against Iran after the US midterm elections on November 3, citing US officials and other people briefed on the deliberations.

45. Iran Update, October 24, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-24 · supports

    “Director of National Intelligence Jay Clayton warned on October 23 that US intelligence assessments indicate that Iran is in the "advanced stages" of planning attacks against US targets in the region.”Hide quote

    Director of National Intelligence Jay Clayton warned on October 23 that US intelligence assessments indicate that Iran is in the "advanced stages" of planning attacks against US targets in the region.

46. Iran Update, October 25, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-25 · supports

    “The Houthis have fired at least 12 missiles and two drones targeting Saudi Arabia since October 24”Hide quote

    The Houthis have fired at least 12 missiles and two drones targeting Saudi Arabia since October 24

47. Iran Update, October 26, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-26 · supports

    “Senior officials from the Mecca Pact’s three signatories met with senior Iranian officials in Tehran on October 26 to discuss a new US-Iran ceasefire amid reported US and Israeli preparations for another round of strikes in Iran. ... Two diplomats briefed on the ongoing talks told the New York Times on October 26 that Qatari mediators are trying to secure an agreement in which the United States and Iran would make "a series of concessions over a five-day period." The diplomats added that those concessions include Iran reopening the Strait of Hormuz in exchange for the United States lifting its naval blockade on Iranian ports. ... The United States and Iran reportedly continue to disagree on the sequencing of the agreement.”Hide quote

    Senior officials from the Mecca Pact’s three signatories met with senior Iranian officials in Tehran on October 26 to discuss a new US-Iran ceasefire amid reported US and Israeli preparations for another round of strikes in Iran. ... Two diplomats briefed on the ongoing talks told the New York Times on October 26 that Qatari mediators are trying to secure an agreement in which the United States and Iran would make "a series of concessions over a five-day period." The diplomats added that those concessions include Iran reopening the Strait of Hormuz in exchange for the United States lifting its naval blockade on Iranian ports. ... The United States and Iran reportedly continue to disagree on the sequencing of the agreement.

48. Iran Update, October 27, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI's Critical Threats Project, 2026-10-27 · supports

    “This threat comes as Director of National Intelligence Jay Clayton warned in a memo on October 23 that Iran has “substantially increased” its efforts to target US personnel. ... Omani Foreign Affairs Minister Badr al Busaidi called for a Gulf non-aggression pact with Iran on October 26, but Iran is unlikely to accept such an agreement unless it can also secure a US withdrawal from the region. Regional sources said that the summit made no progress on any issue.”Hide quote

    This threat comes as Director of National Intelligence Jay Clayton warned in a memo on October 23 that Iran has “substantially increased” its efforts to target US personnel. ... Omani Foreign Affairs Minister Badr al Busaidi called for a Gulf non-aggression pact with Iran on October 26, but Iran is unlikely to accept such an agreement unless it can also secure a US withdrawal from the region. Regional sources said that the summit made no progress on any issue.

49. US warns allies to prepare for possible Iran strikes, retaliation after elections, AP sources say

    Associated Press (via WCAX), 2026-10-29 · supports

    “U.S. officials have told several Middle East countries and regional allies to be prepared for potential renewed military action against Iran after next week’s midterm elections in the United States — as well as the possibility that Iran will attempt to retaliate against them, according to two diplomats briefed on the matter. ... President Donald Trump has not made a final decision on whether to carry out new strikes against Iran, the diplomats stressed. ... Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said Wednesday in a post on X that Tehran “continues to give diplomacy a chance to succeed” ... the United Arab Emirates foreign ministry issued a statement urging the sides to “exercise wisdom and pursue political solutions to help contain tensions” ... While the U.S. has not carried out a strike against Iran since early September, the situation in the Middle East has become more complicated.”Hide quote

    U.S. officials have told several Middle East countries and regional allies to be prepared for potential renewed military action against Iran after next week’s midterm elections in the United States — as well as the possibility that Iran will attempt to retaliate against them, according to two diplomats briefed on the matter. ... President Donald Trump has not made a final decision on whether to carry out new strikes against Iran, the diplomats stressed. ... Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said Wednesday in a post on X that Tehran “continues to give diplomacy a chance to succeed” ... the United Arab Emirates foreign ministry issued a statement urging the sides to “exercise wisdom and pursue political solutions to help contain tensions” ... While the U.S. has not carried out a strike against Iran since early September, the situation in the Middle East has become more complicated.

50. U.S. Forces Disable Cargo Vessel Attempting to Violate Blockade

    US Central Command, 2026-10-10 · supports

    “CENTCOM forces resumed America’s blockade against all ships entering or departing Iranian ports on July 14. Four commercial vessels have been disabled and 135 ships have been turned around during three months of strict enforcement.”Hide quote

    CENTCOM forces resumed America’s blockade against all ships entering or departing Iranian ports on July 14. Four commercial vessels have been disabled and 135 ships have been turned around during three months of strict enforcement.

51. The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription (Article I, Section 8; Article II, Section 2)

    U.S. National Archives, 1787-09-17 · supports

    “Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power … To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies … Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States”Hide quote

    Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power … To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies … Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States

52. House roll-call XML files 85, 114, 170, 199, 282 and 307 (2026); latest shown

    Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2026-09-15 · supports

    “<legis-num>H CON RES 93</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>15-Sep-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>7</yea-total><nay-total>203</nay-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>220</yea-total><nay-total>204</nay-total>”Hide quote

    <legis-num>H CON RES 93</legis-num> ... <vote-result>Passed</vote-result> ... <action-date>15-Sep-2026</action-date> ... <party>Republican</party><yea-total>7</yea-total><nay-total>203</nay-total> ... <party>Democratic</party><yea-total>213</yea-total><nay-total>0</nay-total> ... <total-stub>Totals</total-stub><yea-total>220</yea-total><nay-total>204</nay-total>

53. Senate Roll Call Votes, 119th Congress, 2nd Session (vote menu XML; Internet Archive copy of 10 October 2026)

    United States Senate, 2026-10-10 · supports

    “00244 24-Sep H.Con.Res. 89 On the Concurrent Resolution Rejected 49 50 ... 00184 23-Jun H.Con.Res. 86 On the Concurrent Resolution Agreed to 50 48 ... 00129 19-May S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Discharge Agreed to 50 47 ... 00046 04-Mar S.J.Res. 104 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53”Hide quote

    00244 24-Sep H.Con.Res. 89 On the Concurrent Resolution Rejected 49 50 ... 00184 23-Jun H.Con.Res. 86 On the Concurrent Resolution Agreed to 50 48 ... 00129 19-May S.J.Res. 185 On the Motion to Discharge Agreed to 50 47 ... 00046 04-Mar S.J.Res. 104 On the Motion to Discharge Rejected 47 53

54. Iran conflict remains deeply unpopular (chart data: approval of Trump's handling, by party)

    Pew Research Center, 2026-10-08 · supports

    “% who say they approve of how Donald Trump is handling the U.S. military action against Iran Date March October Total 37 33 Rep/Lean Rep 69 63 Dem/Lean Dem 9 9 ... Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 2026.”Hide quote

    % who say they approve of how Donald Trump is handling the U.S. military action against Iran Date March October Total 37 33 Rep/Lean Rep 69 63 Dem/Lean Dem 9 9 ... Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 2026.

The War's Human and Financial Costs, with Earlier Wars for Scale, 2026

1. Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads

   HRANA (Human Rights Activists News Agency), 2026-04-07 · supports

   “Aggregated data since the beginning of the conflict on February 28, 2026, based on incidents recorded in the incident tab and using minimum values for figures marked "more than": • Civilian fatalities: 1,701 people (including at least 254 children) • Military fatalities: 1,221 people • Unclassified fatalities (civilian/military): 714 people … Delays in medical reporting, difficulties in confirming identities, and restricted access to certain provinces may result in temporary undercounting. … they have not been included in the event-based calculations”Hide quote

   Aggregated data since the beginning of the conflict on February 28, 2026, based on incidents recorded in the incident tab and using minimum values for figures marked "more than": • Civilian fatalities: 1,701 people (including at least 254 children) • Military fatalities: 1,221 people • Unclassified fatalities (civilian/military): 714 people … Delays in medical reporting, difficulties in confirming identities, and restricted access to certain provinces may result in temporary undercounting. … they have not been included in the event-based calculations

2. At least 7,650 killed in 40 days of war, including 1,030 civilians — Hengaw’s tenth report

   Hengaw Organization for Human Rights, 2026-04-08 · complicates

   “According to data collected by Hengaw, at least 7,650 people were killed during the recent war, of whom 1,030 (equivalent to 13.5%) were civilians. … At least 6,620 military personnel were killed, the majority of whom were members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the army. … Hengaw has repeatedly emphasized during the conflict that Iranian military forces abandoned official bases and were stationed in civilian locations, including schools, student dormitories, and mosques within residential areas. … To date, no comprehensive official report on military casualties has been issued by state authorities.”Hide quote

   According to data collected by Hengaw, at least 7,650 people were killed during the recent war, of whom 1,030 (equivalent to 13.5%) were civilians. … At least 6,620 military personnel were killed, the majority of whom were members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the army. … Hengaw has repeatedly emphasized during the conflict that Iranian military forces abandoned official bases and were stationed in civilian locations, including schools, student dormitories, and mosques within residential areas. … To date, no comprehensive official report on military casualties has been issued by state authorities.

3. Middle East escalation of conflict — Global external situation report #10 (data as of 21 July)

   World Health Organization, 2026-07-22 · supports

   “Iran 3 200 000 [Displaced] 33 806 [Injured] 3 375 [Deaths] … All numbers are estimates and may differ from other sources due to data cutoff times. … Since the beginning of the hostilities on 28 February, national authorities reported 3375 deaths and 33 806 injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran, including 15 injuries following strikes on 7 June. An additional 50 deaths and more than 517 injuries have been reported as occurring between 27 June – 19 July … Cumulative figures since 28 February have yet to be reported.”Hide quote

   Iran 3 200 000 [Displaced] 33 806 [Injured] 3 375 [Deaths] … All numbers are estimates and may differ from other sources due to data cutoff times. … Since the beginning of the hostilities on 28 February, national authorities reported 3375 deaths and 33 806 injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran, including 15 injuries following strikes on 7 June. An additional 50 deaths and more than 517 injuries have been reported as occurring between 27 June – 19 July … Cumulative figures since 28 February have yet to be reported.

4. World Development Indicators: Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Iran

   World Bank, 2026-10-08 · supports

   “"indicator":{"id":"SP.POP.TOTL","value":"Population, total"},"country":{"id":"IR","value":"Iran, Islamic Rep."},"countryiso3code":"IRN","date":"2025","value":92417681”Hide quote

   "indicator":{"id":"SP.POP.TOTL","value":"Population, total"},"country":{"id":"IR","value":"Iran, Islamic Rep."},"countryiso3code":"IRN","date":"2025","value":92417681

5. Israeli, Iranian and US forces in Iran 2026 (conflict page)

   Airwars, 2026-10 · supports

   “Over 40 days Airwars tracked 267 civilian harm incidents and has published 71. … In June, U.S. strikes began again after negotiations faltered. Airwars' rapid response team has tracked 34 further incidents of civilian harm, of which 23 have been published.”Hide quote

   Over 40 days Airwars tracked 267 civilian harm incidents and has published 71. … In June, U.S. strikes began again after negotiations faltered. Airwars' rapid response team has tracked 34 further incidents of civilian harm, of which 23 have been published.

6. Civilian harm in Iran after one month of war

   Airwars, 2026-03-27 · complicates

   “At least 1,443 civilians have been killed by U.S. and Israeli forces, including 217 children, according to HRA.”Hide quote

   At least 1,443 civilians have been killed by U.S. and Israeli forces, including 217 children, according to HRA.

7. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran (A/HRC/61/60)

   UN Human Rights Council, 2026-03-19 · complicates

   “On 3 March, the Iranian Red Crescent Society reported that 787 people had been killed in the Islamic Republic of Iran since the air strikes had begun.”Hide quote

   On 3 March, the Iranian Red Crescent Society reported that 787 people had been killed in the Islamic Republic of Iran since the air strikes had begun.

8. Pentagon raises Iran war death toll to 21

   Task & Purpose, 2026-10-10 · supports

   “Since Feb. 28, 865 service members have been wounded in the war, the majority since July 7. … This summer the Pentagon split deaths and injuries in the war into two separate categories: one for Operation Epic Fury and one listed as 'overseas operations,' covering casualties since July.”Hide quote

   Since Feb. 28, 865 service members have been wounded in the war, the majority since July 7. … This summer the Pentagon split deaths and injuries in the war into two separate categories: one for Operation Epic Fury and one listed as 'overseas operations,' covering casualties since July.

9. Pentagon's latest Iran war cost estimate: $43.6 billion

   Roll Call, 2026-09-18 · supports

   “The Pentagon's latest figure comprises $11.2 billion already obligated for operating expenses ... plus $32.4 billion in unfunded replacement costs for munitions, damaged aircraft and other assets … The new Pentagon estimate of $43.6 billion is current as of Sept. 3, the document said … the CBO said the war cost $38.1 billion through July … The IG, meanwhile, put the figure at $33.4 billion. Its estimate ran through June. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth testified in July that the war would cost $37.5 billion through the end of September. The Pentagon has asked Congress for $67.1 billion in supplemental spending”Hide quote

   The Pentagon's latest figure comprises $11.2 billion already obligated for operating expenses ... plus $32.4 billion in unfunded replacement costs for munitions, damaged aircraft and other assets … The new Pentagon estimate of $43.6 billion is current as of Sept. 3, the document said … the CBO said the war cost $38.1 billion through July … The IG, meanwhile, put the figure at $33.4 billion. Its estimate ran through June. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth testified in July that the war would cost $37.5 billion through the end of September. The Pentagon has asked Congress for $67.1 billion in supplemental spending

10. DOD officials say Iran war has cost $25 billion so far during congressional grilling

    NPR (via KASU), 2026-04-29 · supports

    “Twenty-five billion dollars - that's how much the Pentagon estimates the war with Iran is costing.”Hide quote

    Twenty-five billion dollars - that's how much the Pentagon estimates the war with Iran is costing.

11. Costs of the Armed Conflict With Iran (letter, 15 September 2026; archived 1 October 2026)

    Congressional Budget Office, 2026-09-15 · supports

    “CBO estimates that as of August 1, 2026, the armed conflict with Iran has cost DoD approximately $38 billion. … if the level of violence remained as low as it was in May and June, an additional month of conflict would cost $2 billion; if the intensity of the conflict increased to roughly the level experienced in July, the cost per month would increase to $3 billion. … CBO relied on government databases and public reports because DoD did not respond to CBO's requests for information. … This past June, the Administration requested $87.6 billion in supplemental appropriations, of which $67.1 billion was for DoD to pay for the conflict. … relatively few U.S. forces have been involved compared with the much larger and longer U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan … in the first quarter of 2027, inflation (measured year over year) in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) is now estimated to be 0.5 percentage points higher than the agency projected in February 2026, and core PCE inflation is estimated to be 0.3 percentage points higher”Hide quote

    CBO estimates that as of August 1, 2026, the armed conflict with Iran has cost DoD approximately $38 billion. … if the level of violence remained as low as it was in May and June, an additional month of conflict would cost $2 billion; if the intensity of the conflict increased to roughly the level experienced in July, the cost per month would increase to $3 billion. … CBO relied on government databases and public reports because DoD did not respond to CBO's requests for information. … This past June, the Administration requested $87.6 billion in supplemental appropriations, of which $67.1 billion was for DoD to pay for the conflict. … relatively few U.S. forces have been involved compared with the much larger and longer U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan … in the first quarter of 2027, inflation (measured year over year) in the price index for personal consumption expenditures (PCE) is now estimated to be 0.5 percentage points higher than the agency projected in February 2026, and core PCE inflation is estimated to be 0.3 percentage points higher

12. The War May Be Ending: What Did Epic Fury Cost?

    Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2026-06-23 · supports

    “CSIS estimates war costs to be around $40 billion ($34 billion to $42 billion).”Hide quote

    CSIS estimates war costs to be around $40 billion ($34 billion to $42 billion).

13. Epic Fury costs as of the April 8 cease-fire

    American Enterprise Institute, 2026-04-10 · supports

    “we estimate an incremental cost to date of between $25 and $35 billion.”Hide quote

    we estimate an incremental cost to date of between $25 and $35 billion.

14. A Renewed Iran War Would Test Diminished Interceptor Inventories

    Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2026-07-27 · supports

    “This has required extensive use of interceptors, with Patriot inventories now under 1,000 and THAAD inventories at about 250. Diminished stockpiles may force the United States and its coalition partners to take more risks with interceptions.”Hide quote

    This has required extensive use of interceptors, with Patriot inventories now under 1,000 and THAAD inventories at about 250. Diminished stockpiles may force the United States and its coalition partners to take more risks with interceptions.

15. Last Rounds? The Status of Key Munitions at the Iran War Ceasefire

    Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2026-04-21 · complicates

    “Of the total deliveries, 5 percent was deducted for training, lot testing, and other nonoperational uses. … Up to 400 of the older PAC-2 missiles may also still be in the stockpile but are not included in Figure 9.”Hide quote

    Of the total deliveries, 5 percent was deducted for training, lot testing, and other nonoperational uses. … Up to 400 of the older PAC-2 missiles may also still be in the stockpile but are not included in Figure 9.

16. American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (RL32492)

    Congressional Research Service, 2020-07-29 · supports

    “Table 12. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Casualty Summary by Casualty Category (as of July 16, 2020) … Total Hostile Deaths 3,481 ... Total Nonhostile Deaths 937 ... Total Deaths 4,418 ... Total Wounded in Action 31,994 … [Operation Enduring Freedom] Total Deaths 2,349 ... Total Wounded In Action 20,149 … [Operation New Dawn] Total Deaths 74”Hide quote

    Table 12. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Casualty Summary by Casualty Category (as of July 16, 2020) … Total Hostile Deaths 3,481 ... Total Nonhostile Deaths 937 ... Total Deaths 4,418 ... Total Wounded in Action 31,994 … [Operation Enduring Freedom] Total Deaths 2,349 ... Total Wounded In Action 20,149 … [Operation New Dawn] Total Deaths 74

17. The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 (RL33110)

    Congressional Research Service, 2014-12-08 · supports

    “Congress has approved appropriations for the past 13 years of war that total $1.6 trillion ... $686 billion (43%) for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) for Afghanistan and other counterterror operations received; $815 billion (51%) for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND)”Hide quote

    Congress has approved appropriations for the past 13 years of war that total $1.6 trillion ... $686 billion (43%) for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) for Afghanistan and other counterterror operations received; $815 billion (51%) for Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND)

18. Iraq War's Price Tag

    Council on Foreign Relations, 2005-02-02 · supports

    “In September 2002, White House economic adviser Lawrence Lindsey told The Wall Street Journal that a U.S. intervention in Iraq could cost between $100 billion and $200 billion... White House Budget Director Mitchell E. Daniels Jr. labeled that figure as 'very, very high' and estimated total war costs at between $50 billion to $60 billion. … Brookings Institution senior fellows Michael O'Hanlon and Lael Brainard estimated in August 2003 that military and reconstruction costs could range from $150 billion to $300 billion. … On the eve of the war in March 2003, an independent task force report from the Council on Foreign Relations estimated that stabilizing Iraq could cost some $20 billion a year for several years”Hide quote

    In September 2002, White House economic adviser Lawrence Lindsey told The Wall Street Journal that a U.S. intervention in Iraq could cost between $100 billion and $200 billion... White House Budget Director Mitchell E. Daniels Jr. labeled that figure as 'very, very high' and estimated total war costs at between $50 billion to $60 billion. … Brookings Institution senior fellows Michael O'Hanlon and Lael Brainard estimated in August 2003 that military and reconstruction costs could range from $150 billion to $300 billion. … On the eve of the war in March 2003, an independent task force report from the Council on Foreign Relations estimated that stabilizing Iraq could cost some $20 billion a year for several years

19. Iran Update Special Report, July 13, 2026

    Institute for the Study of War and AEI Critical Threats Project, 2026-07-13 · supports

    “Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. … The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET.”Hide quote

    Iran has continuously made efforts to reconstitute its ballistic missile and drone programs since the ceasefire on April 8. … The United States will resume its blockade of Iranian ports beginning on July 14 at 4:00 PM ET.

20. War Powers report to Congress (House Document 119-169)

    The White House (via GovInfo), 2026-07-10 · supports

    “military action commenced on July 7, 2026, against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran”Hide quote

    military action commenced on July 7, 2026, against the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran

21. Trump says US will not resume military strikes on Iran before midterm elections

    Associated Press (via WCAX), 2026-10-08 · supports

    “But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd."”Hide quote

    But Trump in a social media post on Thursday said the U.S. "will not be attacking Iran at any time prior to the Midterm Elections to be held in the United States on November 3rd."

22. US warns allies to prepare for possible Iran strikes, retaliation after elections, AP sources say

    Associated Press (via WCAX), 2026-10-29 · supports

    “The cost of fighting the Iran war to American taxpayers has grown to $47.1 billion, according to the latest estimate the Pentagon has provided to Congress.”Hide quote

    The cost of fighting the Iran war to American taxpayers has grown to $47.1 billion, according to the latest estimate the Pentagon has provided to Congress.

23. Defense Casualty Analysis System: conflict casualty summaries, Operation Epic Fury and Overseas Operations (monthly and by category)

    US Department of Defense, Defense Casualty Analysis System, 2026-10-28 · supports

    “[Operation Epic Fury, monthly] "month_Year":"FEBRUARY 2026" … "tot_kia":"0" … "tot_acc":"0" … "tot_wia":"36" … "month_Year":"MARCH 2026" … "tot_kia":"7" … "tot_acc":"7" … "tot_total":"14" … "tot_wia":"342" … "month_Year":"APRIL 2026" … "tot_wia":"34" … "month_Year":"JUNE 2026" … "tot_wia":"5" … "month_Year":"JULY 2026" … "tot_kia":"0" … "tot_acc":"1" … "tot_wia":"0" … [Overseas Operations, monthly] "month_Year":"JULY 2026" … "tot_kia":"4" … "tot_acc":"0" … "tot_wia":"350" … "month_Year":"SEPTEMBER 2026" … "tot_acc":"2" … "tot_wia":"94" … "month_Year":"OCTOBER 2026" … "tot_acc":"1" … "tot_wia":"4" … [category totals] Epic Fury "total":"15", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL DEATHS" … "airforce":"6","spaceforce":"0","total":"6", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"ACCIDENT" … "total":"8", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL NON-HOSTILE DEATHS" … "total":"417", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"WOUNDED IN ACTION (WIA)" … Overseas Operations "total":"7", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL DEATHS" … "total":"3", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL NON-HOSTILE DEATHS" … "total":"448", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"WOUNDED IN ACTION (WIA)" … "extractionDate":"October 28, 2026"”Hide quote

    [Operation Epic Fury, monthly] "month_Year":"FEBRUARY 2026" … "tot_kia":"0" … "tot_acc":"0" … "tot_wia":"36" … "month_Year":"MARCH 2026" … "tot_kia":"7" … "tot_acc":"7" … "tot_total":"14" … "tot_wia":"342" … "month_Year":"APRIL 2026" … "tot_wia":"34" … "month_Year":"JUNE 2026" … "tot_wia":"5" … "month_Year":"JULY 2026" … "tot_kia":"0" … "tot_acc":"1" … "tot_wia":"0" … [Overseas Operations, monthly] "month_Year":"JULY 2026" … "tot_kia":"4" … "tot_acc":"0" … "tot_wia":"350" … "month_Year":"SEPTEMBER 2026" … "tot_acc":"2" … "tot_wia":"94" … "month_Year":"OCTOBER 2026" … "tot_acc":"1" … "tot_wia":"4" … [category totals] Epic Fury "total":"15", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL DEATHS" … "airforce":"6","spaceforce":"0","total":"6", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"ACCIDENT" … "total":"8", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL NON-HOSTILE DEATHS" … "total":"417", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"WOUNDED IN ACTION (WIA)" … Overseas Operations "total":"7", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL DEATHS" … "total":"3", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"TOTAL NON-HOSTILE DEATHS" … "total":"448", "casualty_CATEGORIES":"WOUNDED IN ACTION (WIA)" … "extractionDate":"October 28, 2026"